Diabetes occurs when the pancreas either cannot or Essay Example For Students

Diabetes occurs when the pancreas either cannot or Essay has trouble making enough insulin to control the sugar a person receives from their food. (Bete, Co. 1972) Diabetes Mellitus is broken down into two groups: Juvenile (Type One), and Adult (Type Two) (McHenry, 1993). Type One diabetics are insulin dependant. People under forty years of age are more prone to this type. They have low serum insulin levels and it more often affects small blood vessels in eyes and kidneys. Type Two diabetics are non-insulin dependant. This type is prone to people over forty years of age. They have low, normal or high serum insulin levels. It most often affects large blood vessels and nerves (Long, 1993). Type One diabetes was one of the earliest diseases to be documented by historians. Once called honey urine and the Persian fire. The name diabetes was conceived by the Greek physician Arteus almost eighteen hundred years ago. The disease remained a mystery until 1700 when an English doctor demonstrated that a diabetics blood was abnormally high in sugar (Aaseng, 1995). Thus, bringing to the conclusion that diabetics are unable to use blood sugar as other persons bodies do (McHenry, 1993). With this fact, a young doctor named Fredrick Banting and a biochemist, Charles Best, were lead to the discovery of manufacturing insulin, the hormone for which is the key to blood sugar processing. Many diabetics lives have been saved because of this discovery (Aaseng, 1995). A person is at risk of this disorder if they have diabetic relatives, are over the age of forty years, are over-weight, and if they are of certain racial or ethnic groups. Women with gestational diabetes who give birth to a baby that weighs more than nine pounds are also at good risk of conducting this disease (Long, 1993). Higher numbers of diabetics occur more in Caucasian people than other races, and the highest incidents of Type One diabetes in the world are found in people residing in Scandinavian countries (Aaseng, 1995). Some signs and symptoms of this disorder are: an increased thirst and appetite, frequent urination, fatigue or anxiety, sickness of the stomach, loss of weight, skin infections, blurred vision, or numbness to feet and hands. Blood, urine, or supplementary tests can be done to determine whether a person is diabetic. Once diagnosed, the patient can be treated by making changes in their diet, exercising regularly, injecting themselves with insulin, or taking oral medications (Diabetes, 1997). Type Two may be treated by only maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly (Long, 1993). There is no known cure for type one diabetes, only treatments. Since Bantings and Bests discovery, insulin injections have been the primary treatment. A decade long study completed in 1993 by the National Institute of Health (NIH) found that more frequent shots may help infected people live longer and stay healthier (Aaseng, 1955). Presently, curing and prevention measures are being studied to treat Type One diabetes and hopefully science will produce better treatments and medicines to combat the disease (Long, 1993). Diabetes, no matter what kind or form, is a very serious disease. If it is overlooked it could lead to complications such as kidney disease, gangrene, blindness, and heart attacks. If a person suffers from any of the symptoms they should consult a physician or a dietician. In the end, life is not over after having been diagnosed with diabetes. Over the last century, the treatments have gotten stronger and in the future they will grow even better. Through simple measures one could live out their full life while being a diabetic patient. Works Cited .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .postImageUrl , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:hover , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:visited , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:active { border:0!important; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:active , .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5 .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65e0725e70155d82bf920bbd4df593f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayMcHenry, Robert. Diabetes Mellitus. Encyclopedia Brittannica. 1993 ed. Aaseng, Nathan. Autoimmune Diseases. New York, New York: Franklin Watt, Co. 1995. Long, Barbera, Wilma Phipps, Virginia Cassmeyer. Medical Surgical Nursing. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, 1993. Diabetes 1997. http:/www.diabetes.org/ada/c20b.csp. (16 December 1998) Diabetes, Channing L. Bete Co. , Inc. 1972. Pamplet .

Analysis of Karen Russell free essay sample

Lucy’s Home for girls Raised by Wolves, our narrator, Claudette, speaks from the mind of a half human half wolf in transition. Of the pack’s reaction to the nuns, how Sister Josephine â€Å"tasted like sweat and freckles† (226) after Claudette bit her ankle, which she â€Å"smelled easy to kill† (226); how the mousy social worker was â€Å"nervous smelling† (226), eventually Claudette herself â€Å"smelled like a purebred girl, easy to kill† (242). When the sisters were reunited with the brothers they no longer smelt as of family they knew but of â€Å"pomade and cold, sterile sweat† (241). Russell creates such realistic imagery in a non-realistic world. Not just with scents but with a sense of touch sensory. How the girls went â€Å"knuckling along† (224) the floors when they first arrived; even when speaking, their ineptitude to force their tongues to â€Å"curl around our false new names† (229) creates such realistic imagery you sense your tongue running across your own teeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Karen Russell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Russell demonstrates the same encompassing sensory style in other short stories for instance Z. Z. s Sleep-Away Camp for Disordered Dreamers, within the second paragraph the protagonist in describing the scent of a girl, Emma, how Emma â€Å"smells like dinner† (49), then pinpointing it so precisely one smells the scent of this girl how she smells not just of any dinner but of â€Å"barbecue sauce, the buttery whiff of potato foil† (49) an entire meal that you can almost smell through the pages and text. Russell’s constant reminder and repetition in the narrators senses is not overwhelming but functional, as it creates roots for these fantastical stories in some alternate reality that is only fantastical in its subtleties. Russell’s story telling weaves in strong undertones in intricate coming of age stories, which progress within the narrative’s mind along with in the action of the story. This is strongly evident in Z. Z. ’s Sleep-Away Camp for Disordered Dreamers, where the protagonist is surrounded by others who have sleeping issues however not as disturbing as his, more over his only similar dream patterned companion stops remembering their prophesized dreams leaving our narrator and protagonist ,Elijah, alone. Russell opens the story with Elijah and Emma attempting to sleep together to work through dreams as a pair before they are interrupted. Towards the end the story we as readers return to Elijah and Emma attempting this action again, with both struggling to get comfortable, sharing blankets, awkward lullaby until in anguish Russell describes not only the pair but also Elijah’s widespread loneliness, â€Å"it’s an empty warmth, an only bodies touching† (64). Russell slowly increases this sense of emptiness and isolation as the action reaches climax. Elijah is completely secluded after Ogli admits he forgets his dreams when he wakes, creating a separation that is the â€Å"greatest rift: campers who remember in the morning, and the ones who forget† (69) expanding on this ideal that our narrator is ultimately alone with no connection to his surrounding and the people in those surrounding, none of the â€Å"cabin others† can relate to him or themselves. St. Lucy’s Home for girls Raised by Wolves, trails Russell’s pattern of isolated coming of age story telling. However with this particular narration and protagonist we begin with first person point of view on the other hand the text reads pluralized. Initially referring to the narrator as we or our, constantly a group or â€Å"pack† mentality narrative. Then suddenly the narrative switches to â€Å"I†. Claudette becomes known as the protagonist and narrator shortly after this switch. After every sense, emotion, and interaction was a â€Å"pack† experience, for Russell to cut this tie and create a story that is of an individual is a subtle experience at first; from a united thought process that slowly turn individual to self-centered and selfish. This is apparent in Claudette’s frame of mind towards her little sister Mirabella, from â€Å"the pack worrying about Mirabella† (230) to Claudette singular thoughts and emotions toward her â€Å"littlest sister†. This switch epitomizes the coming to age alone tone that Russell creates, initially the pack protected each other, thought as one, and were connected in every way till they adapted to the new environment, becoming singular units growing up isolated from each other â€Å"snarl at one another for no reason† (229) becoming accustomed to thinking individually as an independent person. These stories although diverse in content and storyline Russell connects each to another almost subconsciously. They share similar struggle of coming of age stories, stories of isolation in the first person that reveal one trait or another within the battle. Despite the fact that is the same reasoning with each story it has a new outcome, therefor the stories are not repetitive while the elements used might be. Russell’s constant use of senses or imagery of hands and feet do not subtract from the story but heighten them. Russell creates these images that work because it is relatable subtly by creating images in the readers mind, thus making it more realistic even though the stories are of fantastical mindset.

Hemmingway Essay Research Paper Ernest Hemingway pulled free essay sample

Hemmingway Essay, Research Paper Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his ain ideas refering decease, relationships, and lies. He so mixed these thoughts, along with a familiar scene, to make a chef-doeuvre. One such chef-doeuvre written early in Hemingway # 8217 ; s calling is the short narrative, # 8220 ; Indian Camp. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Indian Camp # 8221 ; was originally published in the aggregation of # 8220 ; in Our Time # 8221 ; in 1925. A brief drumhead reveals that the chief character, a adolescent by the name of Nick, travels across a lake to an Indian small town. While at the small town Nick observes his male parent, who is a physician, present a babe to an Indian by cesarean subdivision. As the narrative continues, Nick # 8217 ; s father discovers that the newborn # 8217 ; s male parent has committed self-destruction. Soon subsequently Nick and his male parent engage in a treatment about decease, which brings the narrative to an terminal. With idea and perceptual ex perience a reader can state the significance of the narrative. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemmingway Essay Research Paper Ernest Hemingway pulled or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The charters of Nick and his male parent resemble the relationship of Hemingway and his male parent. Hemingway grew up in Oak Park, a in-between category suburb, under the alert oculus of his parents, Ed and Grace Hemingway. Ed Hemingway was a physician who # 8220 ; on occasion took his boy along on professional visits across Walloon Lake to the Ojibway Indians # 8221 ; during summer holidaies ( Waldhorn 7 ) . These medical trips taken by Ernest and Ed would supply the background information needed to present nick and his male parent while on their medical trip in # 8220 ; Indian Camp. # 8221 ; These trips were non the centre point of fondness between Ed and Ernest, but they were portion of the whole. The two ever shared a close father-son bond that Hemingway frequently portrayed in his plants: Nick # 8217 ; s close fond regard to his male parent analogues Hemingway # 8217 ; s relationship with Ed. The turning boy discoveries in the male parent, in both fiction and life, non m erely a teacher-guide but besides a fixed safety against the panics of the emotional and religious terra incognita as they are encountered. In his male parent Ernest had person to tilt on ( Shaw 14 ) . In # 8220 ; Indian Camp, # 8221 ; nick corsets in his male parent # 8217 ; s weaponries for a sense of security and this reinforces their close father-son relationship. When Nick sees the panic of decease, in the signifier of self-destruction, his male parent is right at that place to soothe him. From this we are able to see how Nick has his male parent to, physically and mentally, # 8220 ; thin # 8221 ; on, much like Hemingway did ( Shaw 11 ) . Hemingway # 8217 ; s love for his male parent was non ever so positive though, and he frequently expressed his feelings about his state of affairs though his literature. When Hemmingway was immature, his male parent persuaded him to hold his tonsils removed by a friend, Dr. Wesley Peck. Even though it was Dr. Peck who performed the painf ul operation, Hemingway # 8220 ; ever held it against his male parent for taking out his tonsils without an anesthetic # 8221 ; ( Meyers 48 ) . Hemingway saw the chance to portray his male parent in # 8220 ; Indian Camp # 8221 ; as the cold-hearted adult male who had his tonsils yanked out without anesthetic. In a answer to Nick # 8217 ; s inquiry about giving the Indian adult female something to halt shriek, his male parent provinces, # 8220 ; No. I haven # 8217 ; t any anesthetic But her shrieks are non of import. I don # 8217 ; t hear them because they are non important. # 8221 ; ( Tessitore 18 ) Hemingway lashed out at his male parent one more clip before the narrative ends. In # 8220 ; Indian Camp, # 8221 ; Hemingway uses the conversation between Nick and his male parent, refering the self-destruction of the Indian, to demo his antipathy for his ain male parent # 8217 ; s self-destruction: # 8216 ; Why did he kill himself, Daddy? # 8217 ; # 8216 ; I don # 8217 ; t cognize Nick. # 8217 ; # 8216 ; He couldn # 8217 ; t stand things, I guess. # 8217 ; # 8216 ; Do many work forces kill themselves, Daddy? # 8217 ; # 8216 ; Not really many, Nick # 8216 ; # 8216 ; Is deceasing hard, Daddy? # 8217 ; # 8216 ; No, I think its pretty easy, Nick. It all depends. # 8217 ; ( Hemingway 19 ) Hemingway saw his male parent as a weak working adult male who served his married woman, Grace, unconditionally. Ed worked a full twenty-four hours to come place to clean house, fix nutrient, and tend to the kids. He had promised Grace that if she would get married him, she would non hold to make housekeeping for every bit long as he lived. Ill and depressed, Ed committed self-destruction in 1928. Hemingway subsequently referred to the state of affairs by saying: # 8220 ; I hated my female parent every bit shortly as I knew the mark and loved my male parent until he embarrassed me with his cowardliness My female parent is an all clip all American bitch and she would do a battalion mule shoot himself, allow entirely hapless bloody father. # 8221 ; ( Meyers 212 ) Hemingway uses # 8220 ; Indian Camp # 8221 ; to show his feelings that his male parent was a coward. He did this by holding Nick # 8217 ; s father refer to suicide as being # 8220 ; pretty easy, # 8221 ; which is comparable to a coward # 8217 ; s manner out of life. Therefore, Hemingway uses the narrative to portray his male parent # 8217 ; s decease as cowardly. The characters and scene of # 8220 ; Indian Camp # 8221 ; are doubtless influenced by Hemingway # 8217 ; s Childhood. In much of the same regard, Hemingway # 8217 ; s 2nd novel, A Farewell to Arms, has influences from his grownup old ages spent in the war. A Farewell to Arms is a tragic love narrative in the thick of war. The chief character, Fredrick Henry, is an ambulance driver in World War I who is wounded in the trenches. Henry, now a casualty, is sent to retrieve at an American infirmary in Milan. Du ring his stay, H falls in love with a nurse by the name of Catherine Barkley. The twosome so heads for Switzerland to get away the war and have a kid. The fresh takes an evil turn at the terminal though. Catherine dies while she is in labour, go forthing Henry entirely in the universe. When comparing Ernest Hemingway and the character Frederick Henry, there are some really obvious resemblances. After non being allowed to fall in the ground forces due to bad vision in his left oculus, Hemingway joined the war attempt during 1918 in Italy as an ambulance driver. Likewise, Hemingway made certain that Henry was besides an ambulance driver in A Farewell to Arms. The most noticeable similarity is Hemingway # 8217 ; s war lesion. While go throughing out cocoa and coffin nails to soldiers at dark, Hemingway was hit by a howitzer shell. Wounded, but non dead, Hemingway picked up an nearby casualty and began transporting him off the battleground. He succeeded in doing it to the first assista nce centre but was hit in the articulatio genuss by machine-gun fire while on his journey. During his recover in Milan, Hemingway recorded his firsthand history of the action in a missive written to his parents. In it he sta ted: The 227 lesions I got from the trench howitzer didn’t hurt a spot at the clip, merely my pess felt like I had rubber boots full of H2O on. Hot H2O. And my patella was moving fagot. ( Meyers 32 ) Hemingway survived a terrific onslaught, which would function as great stuff for A Farewell to Arms. In the novel, Henry suffers from an indistinguishable lesion by a trench howitzer. Henry states that: My legs felt warm and wet and my places were wet and warm interior. I knew that I was hit and leaned over and set my manus on my articulatio genus. My articulatio genus wasn’t at that place. My manus went in and my kneed was down on my shin. ( Hemingway 55 ) Hemingway recalled his war lesion and wrote of the same experience in the novel. In both the novel and existent life, it is easy to visualise the same image of the lesion, so bloody that Hemingway’s ain places filled up with warm blood. Hemingway does non halt at that place with his similarities though. He digs fa rther into the past to make the love that exists between characters Frederick H and Catherine Barkley. In the war, Hemingway was sent to Milan to retrieve from his hurts. During his stay at the infirmary, he fell in love with an American nurse by the name of Agnes von Kurowsky. The two were really fond in their love and wrote letters to each other when separated. Kurowsky even signed up to work darks so that she could pass more clip with Hemingway. There was even a possibility of matrimony, which subsequently fizzled out. When Hemingway healed, he was sent place and Kurowsky fell in love with another, a annihilating event that haunted Hemingway long after. ( McDowell 20 ) Kurowsky did non come out in front though ; her newfound love dissolved merely after a short piece. In much the same manner as Hemingway’s life, the character Henry falls in love with Catherine. After being wounded by a trench howitzer, Henry is besides sent to Milan to retrieve from his hurts. While at Mila n, he becomes romantically involved with Catherine and the two marry. Even though Hemingway and Kurowsky did non get married, the matrimony of Henry and Catherine is a preliminary to a more annihilating event. The sexual activity of the twosome leads to the gestation of Catherine, which convinces them to go forth the war. During childbearing, Catherine dies, therefore go forthing Henry all entirely in the universe: â€Å"In the novel, though non in existent life, the submissive Catherine. . . is ‘punished’ by decease in childbirth† ( Meyers 41 ) . The ground for this fluctuation between existent life and the novel is based on how Hemingway felt at the clip. Apparently to Hemingway, Kurowsky was non punished plenty for her fraudulence toward him. With his feelings full-blown, Hemingway produced a character that suffered the manner he felt she should endure. From the lesions to the love matter, â€Å"it is just to state that the book is the crystallisation of the war experiences† ( Shaw 54 ) . After the war, Hemingway returned to Oak Park for a brief stay at place. Mentally and physically hurt from his war lesions and neglecting love affair with Kurowsky, Hemingway entered into an idle portion of his life. All the returning soldiers had great war narratives ; most of them embellished beyond truth. Hemingway fell into this norm of lying about war experiences, which finally made him vomit of disgust: The misrepresentations he patterns at place. . . uncomfortably remind him of the prevarications he and others have been forced to state in order to sensationalize for place ingestion the dull world of war. ( Meyers 55 ) Hemingway was later able to reflect his disgust of place life when he intentionally portrayed himself as the character Krebs in â€Å"Soldier’s Home† . Krebs, a World War I veteran, is forced to lie about his engagement in the war merely to be heard: Krebs found that to be listened to at all he had to lie, and a fter he had done this twice he, excessively, had a reaction against the war and against speaking about it. A antipathy for everything that had happened to him in the war set in because of the prevarications he had told. ( Hemingway 69 ) Krebs, along with Hemingway, fell into a slack after the war. While remembering his lost love of Agnes von Kurowsky, Hemingway produced a character troubled by female company. Krebs wants a adult female, no uncertainty, but he was non about to work for it. Krebs considers relationships excessively complicated and painful, something he has learned from a old battle. This old battle was the relationship of Hemingway and Kurowsky, a relationship that had severely hurt Hemingway. There is no manner that Krebs, nor Hemingway, is about to travel through that once more. Krebs continues, without a adult female, lying about at place making small or nil. Tensions deepen between him and his parents and he is finally driven out. This is about the same thing that happened to Hemingway. Hemingway’s sister, Marcelline, wrote, â€Å"shortly after his 21st birthday. . . his female parent issued an ultimatum that he happen a regular occupation or travel out† ( Waldhorn 9 ) . Both Hemingway and Krebs moved out and got occupations. Beyond a uncertainty, Hemingway wrote from his past experiences. In â€Å"Indian Camp, † Hemingway used his ain relationship with his male parent to take a breath life into the fictional characters of Nick and his male parent. By go forthing his childhood and come ining the war, Hemingway recalled his ain histories of hurts and love that made up the character Henry and Barkley in A Farewell to Arms. And eventually, with his return place after the war, Hemingway uses Krebs in â€Å"Soldier’s Home† to show his antipathy for the place life. Bibliography Gajduske, E. Robert. Hemingway # 8217 ; s Paris. New York: Charles Scribner # 8217 ; s Sons, 1978. Mahoney, John. Ernest Hemingway. New York: Barnes and Noble INC. , 1967. McSowell, Nicholas. Life and Works of Hemingway. England: Wayland, 1988. Meyers, Jeffery. Hemingway: A Biography. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1985. Shaw, Samuel. Ernest Hemingway. New York: Fredrick Ungar Publishing Company, 1974. Tessitore, John. The Hunt and The Feast, A life of Ernest Hemingway. New York: Franklin Watts, 1996. Waldhorn, Arthur. A Reader # 8217 ; s Guide to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Octagon Books, 1978. Hemingway, Ernest. # 8220 ; Indian Camp # 8221 ; . In Our Time. New York: Charles Scribner # 8217 ; s Sons. 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Simon A ; Schuster. 1995.

Parti Quebecios essays

Parti Quebecios essays The parti Quebecois had a huge impact on Canada as a nation because they suggested that the future of Quebec was to be independent. After World War One the controversy between English and French speaking Canadians arose again. There was a feeling of urgency and word of a referendum; they wanted to feel as a part of Canada. Many of the French speaking Canadians felt they would be better off as their own nation. Leaders of Quebec proposed sovereignty* and spoke passionately about Quebecs rights and wrongs. By November 1976 the impossible* was happening. There was a possibility that the largest province of Canada might separate and it made the Canadian Politicians rethink the laws of Canada. The Parti Quebecois created a more independent Quebec. *definition-1. supreme and unrestricted power a of a state. 2. The position, dominion, or authority of a sovereign 3. and independent state Collins English Dictionary, Third Edition Updated 1994 *polls showed that the separatists were right behind them in votes with a 46% Quebec wanted to be part of Canada. They had a feeling of urgency and they would do anything in their power to be heard. It all started the quiet revolution, which changed the thoughts of many of the French speaking people who when sour towards the English speaking Canadians. There was a thoughts to call a referendum to settler their problems. They felt that there was Quebec Racism,* which was discrimination towards all French speaking or back grounded Canadians. With many hard thoughts on what to do and how to settle the problems was to separation. They called an official referendum and many leaders fought for a long time. Much was settled but not enough to keep the Quebec people satisfied and they still pushed for a referendum. They got one soon after. There were many leaders at the time but one that was looked up for years to come was Rene Levesque. He proposed ...

This era's three presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Essay

This era's three presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson, presided over a federal government beginning to assert its power to regulate - Essay Example In 1902 he cajoled Republican conservatives into creating the Bureau of Corporations with the power to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce but without regulatory powers. He also resurrected the nearly defunct Sherman Antitrust Act by bringing a successful suit to break up a huge railroad conglomerate, the Northern Securities Company. Roosevelt pursued this policy of "trust-busting" by initiating suits against 43 other major corporations during the next seven years. Also in 1902 Roosevelt intervened in the anthracite coal strike when it threatened to cut off heating fuel for homes, schools, and hospitals. This was the first time that a president had publicly intervened in a labour dispute at least implicitly on the side of workers. Roosevelt characterized his actions as striving toward a "Square Deal" between capital and labour. Roosevelt's boldest actions came in the area of natural resources. At his urging, Congress created the Forest Service (1905) to manage gover nment-owned forest reserves (Encyclopedia Britannica Online). William Howard Taft became President after Roosevelt. While agreeing with the overall policies of the Roosevelt administration, Taft felt that the power of the Presidency had been extended too far by the previous administration. Taft exerted his power to a much lesser degree. Often that was deemed by the progressive Roosevelt supporters as an abandonment of principles. Thus a major rift developed in the Republican Party. During his long government career, he served as Governor of the Philippines, Secretary of War, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the only man in U.S. history to have been both President and Chief Justice. Taft was committed to lowering tariffs, and when elected, he called Congress into a special session to this end. Congress succeeding in reducing the average tariff from 46 to 41 percent. However, special interest groups managed to raise the tariff on several items. Taft was an avid enforcer of the anti-trust policies of the Roosevelt administration. He repeatedly instituted the number of anti-trust suits brought against monopolist corporations. During his term of office, two of the biggest monopolies were broken - Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company. Under Taft, the federal government for the first time began the regulation of the telephone and telegraph industries. The government also obtained the authority to fix interstate commerce rates. Taft maintained an activist approach to foreign policy. On one hand, he was the initiator of what became known as Dollar Diplomacy, in which the United States used its military might to promote American business interests abroad. Taft defended his Dollar Diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Taft was a major supporter of arbitration as the most viable method of settling international disputes (History Central). The most visible legacy of Taft's Chief Justiceship is the Supreme Court Building, for which he lobbied. As Chief Justice, Taft's tenure was marked by hard work and by efforts for judicial reform. Taft was concerned about the delay and inefficiency in the federal court system. His first task was to secure the passage of The Judges Act in 1922. The act was the first major reform of the federal judiciary since 1789. It gave the Chief Justice more power over the

Contemporary ethical challenges and Leadership Essay

Contemporary ethical challenges and Leadership - Essay Example Things which people perceived as wrong in the past are now viewed as tolerable and acceptable. This change in the way people think has brought about numerous challenges which leaders have to face. Moral behaviour was initially judged on the basis of religious teachings. Irrespective of which religion an individual belonged to, the human life was focused on the religious teachings. However with the passage of time, the human focus has shifted from religion. With secular societies and nations being on the rise, religion is not viewed as the fundamental basis of how one should act. Consequently, the error theory and the meta-ethics have developed over time. In the present times, age old principles are not used as the basis of governing a situation. Be it an issue in economy or a problem faced in the business, people consider the present situation and weigh their pros and cons before terming an action as either ethical or unethical. It is believed that times have changed so immensely, th at the age old principles do not apply any longer to the issues faced by the people today (Mackie, 110). In a world, where people often do not abide by the rules of religion, it is very important for national leaders to be ethical. Similarly it is very important for business leaders and the executive managers to be ethical. Businesses are run on the basis of trust and ethics. An increasing number of business schools now teach philosophy and ethics as a part of their curriculum so as to avoid their graduates from following prey to scandals and breach of ethics in the real world (Fulmer, 308). The ethics of leadership have been analyzed time and again using the disciplines of science and humanities. While scientific scholars aim at providing people with descriptions and explanations, the humanities scholars deliver an understanding of the topic (Ciulla, 304). Every leader has to face his personal set of ethical challenges. These challenges may differ from one leader to another. In the case of national leaders, there are situations where their moral luck is to be blamed. Certain leaders are not unethical, but the situations that they have to face might lead them to make certain decisions which may look immoral. The decisions which leaders have to make on a daily basis are very sensitive and risky. At times they do not have complete information or may lack the time to gather the required information. When it comes to national decisions, leaders may often have to opt for a strategy which will cause the least amount of damage, but will cause damage nonetheless. Kant’s argument holds true in these situations. The argument was that since humans cannot guarantee the results of their actions, the judgments should be based on the right principles which a certain individual follows and not on the outcome (Ciulla, 309). The business scenario today is changing almost too rapidly. In such situations leaders have to be constantly on their toes, in order to keep themsel ves updated and be a step ahead of their competitors. Every business leader has numerous stakeholders to think about when making a decision. Every single decision made by the CEO of a company affects either the employees, vendors, consumers and shareholders or in certain cases all of them. Numerous companies today operate globally. They are not owned by a single person or family, but are publically owned companies. Multinationals like Unilever and Johnson & Johnson are

Edwin H. Sutherland Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Edwin H. Sutherland - Research Proposal Example This essay is based upon one of the most celebrated criminologists of the twentieth-century and his theories: Edwin Sutherland. He was born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska and died in 1950. He grew up and studied in Ottawa, Kansas, and Grand Island, Nebraska. In 1904 he received the B.A degree from Grand Island College, and after that, he taught Latin, Greek, history, and shorthand for two years at Sioux Falls College in South Dakota. In 1906 he left Sioux Falls College and entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate. (Gaylord, 1988:7-12) There, he changed his major from history to Sociology. Much of his study was influenced by Chicago school's approach to the study of crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by social and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic or personal characteristics. After completing graduate studies he was employed at the University of Minnesota between 1926 and 1929 and solidified his reputation as one of the country's leading criminologists. During this period, his focus was on Sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime (Gaylord, 1988:13). Later he moved to Indiana University and became the founder of the Bloomington school of Criminology at Indiana University. During that time, he published 3 books, including Twenty Thousand Homeless Men (1936), The Professional Thief (1937), and the third edition of Principles of Criminology (1939). In 1939 he was elected president of the American Sociological Society, and in 1940 was elected president of the Sociological Research Association. According to him, "Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social phenomena. It includes within its scope the process of making laws, breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws. These processes are three aspects of a somewhat unified sequence of interactions. The objective of Criminology is the development of a body of general and verified and principles and of other types of knowledge regarding this process of law, crime, and reaction to crime." (1974: 3) He was the first twentieth century criminologist to forcefully argue that criminal behavior was learned. His theory of differential association, developed in 1934 and 1947, was that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolations from non-criminal patterns. Differential association theory was Sutherland's major sociological contribution to Criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual's social relationships. Sutherland's theory departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. "He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of differential association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, differential asso